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Anatomy of the foot

Anatomy of the foot

Your foot is made up of 3 sections. Your forefoot is comprised of 4 smaller toes (phalanges) and 1 big toe (hallux). Your midfoot (metatarsal bones) and hindfoot (tarsal bones) make up your foot arches, instep, heel and ankle; these are responsible for weight bearing and propulsion. Your arches contain bones, ligaments, muscles and tendons of your foot, which require a lot of stability and flexibility.

Your foot bones work with your foot muscles to move your foot in 4 directions: dorsiflexion (moving foot upward), plantar flexion (moving foot downward towards sole), abduction (moving foot outward) and adduction (moving foot inward). Your lower leg muscles have long tendons that cross your ankle and attach to your foot and toe bones to help move your foot. Your extensor muscles and tendons attach on the top of your foot, and your flexor, abductor and adductor muscles and tendons attach on the bottom of your foot. Your achilles tendon is the strongest and largest tendon in your body and it connects your calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to your heel bone (calcaneus), allowing your foot to push off when your calf muscles tighten. It is essential for walking, running and jumping.

Anatomy of the foot

Your plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) is a pearly white, sheet-like band of strong and fibrous connective tissue (collagen fibers) that resembles a flattened tendon or ligament which connects the bones and tissues on the sole of your foot. The plantar fascia starts from a nodule on the middle portion of your heel bone (medial calcaneal tubercle) - the largest bone in your foot, which transfers weight from your body to the ground. It then moves across the bottom of your foot and fans out around the ball of your foot attaching at the base of your toes forming the longitudinal arch. The plantar fascia cushions and provides shock absorption from pressure, acting like a rubber band that loosens and contracts with movement, supporting and stabilizing your medial and lateral foot arches, and locking your bones in place when you put weight on it. It is used during the "take-off" phase when you walk or run (heel-lift to toe-off).

The fat pad in your heel covers your plantar fascia to help with shock absorption.

The plantar and calcaneal nerves on the bottom of your foot are closely associated with your plantar fascia.

Extreme pain can be felt in you plantar fascia while walking - for more information please visit aidmyplantar.com